The origin of corruption in the country: The origin of corruption in the country
...: The origin of corruption in the country In Indonesia, corruption is taking place since the days of empire...
Rabu, 08 Mei 2013
The origin of corruption in the country
In Indonesia, corruption is taking place since the days of empire. Even VOC went cave in the early 20th century due to rampant corruption in his body. After the proclamation of independence, many Dutch officials who returned to his homeland, their vacant position is then filled by natives of the Dutch East Indies government employees (Ambtenaar) that grow and thrive in a corrupt environment. The culture of corruption continues until the time of the Old Order government. At the beginning of the New Order government, President Soeharto made various efforts to eradicate corruption. Regardless of these efforts, President Soeharto fell because of corruption issues. The long journey of corruption have led many people are pessimistic about the prospects of eradicating corruption, both in Indonesia and in various parts of the world.
In the last two decades the world began to see corruption as an important issue. Various initiatives to combat corruption carried out from the national, regional to international level. The view that corruption drive economic growth becoming obsolete many circles. Corruption is seen not only as a moral issue , but as a problem of multidimensional (political, economic, social and cultural).
What is Corruption?
corruption is the abuse of public power for personal or private interests that harm the public in a manner contrary to applicable law.
Some of the definitions of these weaknesses usual that tends to alienate the public sector, as well as the definition does not cover acts of corruption by private though equally detrimental to the public.
3 things of corruption, namely:
1. A person has the power to determine public policy and administration policies The existence of economic rents, ie that there are economic benefits as a result of public policy
2. The system is open the possibility of violations by public officials concerned.
In general, illegal actions such as tax evasion and smuggling as long as it does not involve public officials can not be categorized as an act of corruption, but these actions are not directly harm the public because it reduces tax revenues from the sector.
3. Also generalize the definition of corruption in a country that adheres monarchy and democracy. In the kingdom, the king has the authority to regulate the distribution of the country's wealth to the people, because in principle there is no separation between state assets and the personal wealth of the king.
example, a king could have used the money for personal business empire and is not considered as an act of corruption. The same action will be the big corruption case in democratic countries. The question is, if a democratic country with a high level of corruption is transforming itself into the kingdom, the corruption cases will be resolved or deemed to be completed.
Transparency International has a definition that is more flexible about corruption, which "abuse the trust of others, for personal gain". Indonesia also has taken a step forward in defining corruption, which types of actions that are included in the category of corruption expanded, with the Act No. 31 of 1999 as amended by Law No. 20 Year 2001 on Eradication include a list of 29 actions can be categorized as corruption, either involving or not involving public officials.
The view changes About Corruption
Widespread perception of corruption has shifted from time to time. corruption can improve economic efficiency dominate enough about the corruption in the period of the 1970s and early 1980s.
One of the principles adopted by some people as it is a "grease-the-wheel". Corruption is seen by the "corruption apologist" as the lubricant of economic system does not work efficiently due to non-functioning of bureaucracy combined with government regulations overlap. In this condition, a bribe is seen as an incentive for public employees to serve clients with the best.
Corruption seen as a problem, and the handling of corruption began to become the world's attention. Various factors are driving this paradigm change is:
First, the end of the cold war. During the cold war, foreign aid is more ideological than economic and intended to bind developing countries that do not switch to block the opponent. In other words, foreign donors tend not to put the quality of the program, the allocation of funds and good governance during implementation as a major factor of consideration given the funds, so that the effect of leakage is inevitable. Collapse of the Soviet Union that ended the Cold War changed the practice. More pragmatic foreign donors and demanded that the funds be used in an efficient and accountable. The issue of corruption began to surface among foreign donors.
all of the Philippines president, Ferdinand Marcos, by people power in recent years his rule, in 1986. The world never suspected that Marcos downfall would happen so quickly. Very chronic corruption makes the Filipino people began to encourage the emergence of stifling protests. Originally a small protest, but a massive thanks to the role of the churches as a node mobilization period (when it SMS, e-mail and Facebook yet popular). When Cardinal Sin blessed the demo, protests became more massive and nationwide. Preaching by various media, such as BBC and CNN, to make the world helped put pressure on Marcos to resign. This incident is an important momentum for efforts to combat corruption in the world because it is considered as a pure movement by and for people in many cases people are often used as a "vehicle" of certain political actors. This incident also sends a strong message to the corrupt rulers around the world about the risks of their actions. Indirectly, the event also inspired the world society to be more courageous act. Incidence in the Philippines, unconsciously, followed by efforts to combat corruption in various parts of the world, including Spain, Italy, France, Japan, Mexico and several other Latin American countries.
failure of the concept of development in many developing countries, especially in Africa. Regardless of the concept of development in a comprehensive structured program worth billions of dollars, the result of development is far from expectation. In fact, macroeconomic indicators, and quality of life of African people actually getting worse over time. Paul Collier on "The Bottom One Billion" mentions that 80 percent of the world's one billion poorest people in 50 failing states are mostly in Africa.
The fundamental nature of poverty
1. abundant natural wealth - managed to corrupt and interests of the people, and
2. government did not implement good governance. Corruption is closely related to two factors causing poverty latter, his conclusion is in line with research suggesting that corruption leads to poverty and social inequality.
3. the emergence of various anti-corruption nego in the world, especially in the 1990s.
4. economic collapse of the Asian countries on the economic crisis of 1997.
typology of Corruption
Involve the people and state leaders chosen through the democratic process. Political money to win the election is likely to occur.
1. The interaction between the leaders bureaucrats with people's choice
2. Interaction between legislators and bureaucrats with
3. The interaction between the bureaucrats and the people. This interaction opens opportunities for bureaucratic corruption or corrupt bureaucrats.
public officials and the people a little door for corruption, corrupt public officials from different levels of people's money quote., given the public service office (office service ID card, permit, driver's license, business license, etc.) generally monopolize public services, even though the monopoly is the main door corruption.
involving elected leaders and legislators. where the financing of political campaigns have not been regulated and supervised. Closed voting system in the legislature, as is the case in Indonesia, also aggravate the condition because constituents can not monitor whether they choose representatives who truly represent their interests. This is the beginning of the emergence of another problem akut.Faktor accountability that contribute to the phenomenon of corruption is the absence of legislative opposition is strong.
involve the people and legislators are elected through general elections. Procedural democracy is relatively easy to be realized, but realizing substantive democracy is not easy.
example, India has had a relentless democracy since 1950 (three years after independence from Britain in 1947), but until now still do not realize the promise of democracy is fair prosperity for all people. One of the preconditions for the realization of substantive democracy is the political arrangement of money and a good campaign funding.
Politics of money in any country is a common phenomenon, often politicians bribe the people that they elected in the elections, so that they are not determined by the election of the performance but by their financial capabilities. the "political investors", from where the money comes, expect a "return on investment" in the form of policies that benefit them.
Grand Corruption & Petty Corruption
There are hundreds, if not thousands of types of actions that we can categorize as corruption. two broad categories, namely:
1. Grand Corruption
Grand corruption or grand corruption is corruption committed by high-level public officials regarding public policy and major decisions in a variety of fields, including economics. Corruption is also called corruption by greed or corruption due to greed, because the perpetrators are already well off materially
Corruption causing huge losses to the state financially and non-financially. A common modus operandi is collusion between economic power, political power and public policy makers can take many forms, the World Bank - in his book Anti-Corruption in Transition 2, lays out some form of state capture are:
1. bribes to legislators to influence legislation,
2. bribes to public officials to influence public policy,
3. bribes to the judiciary to influence the decisions related to major cases,
4. bribes to officials of the central bank to influence monetary policy,
5. illegal campaign donations to political parties
example, Indonesian economic crisis requires political and social shocks devastating in 1998, in order to shift the economic and political structures in the right direction.
Is a classic example of the corruption in the privatization of state assets is not transparent and fair, mining exploitation concessions and other natural resources to specific groups, large scale bidding process is not transparent, tax relief and the entry fee for certain sectors and groups, and the bailout select Thanks to certain companies in order to escape from the trap of the economic crisis.
Raise the salaries of civil servants will not be able to eliminate corruption but there should be an effort to suppress petty corruption should be done through a thorough reform of the bureaucracy.
why is difficult to eradicate corruption?
Despite vigorous efforts to combat corruption carried out, but the condition does not get better. Corruption is a multidimensional issue that has a political component, economic, social and cultural rights, which often involve the authorities, so it is not easy to eradicate corruption. If the criminals are known and its action in usut then it is not possible retaliation eradication of corruption, aka kill character.
Examples Nuhu Ribadu is one example of anti-corruption fighter and former chairman of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission of Nigeria (Nigeria its KPK), is one of them "victims" corruption fight back. Nuhu told the author that in 2007 his post due to his revoked uncover corruption one of the governors in Nigeria and he also began to reveal serious corruption cases involving figures around the president of Nigeria. Until now Nuhu living in exile abroad.
A Corruption Free State of Utopia?
Creating a nation free of corruption is the slogan that is often carried by the various anti-corruption agencies. Even most of the institutions include the "corruption-free State" or a similar phrase as part of the vision, mission or goals of their organizations. Is it possible to achieve a corruption free country? In Denmark and Finland, countries that never get a perfect score or 10 on the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) in 1998, 1999 and 2000, corruption still occurs even though invisible. These facts indicate.
that corruption can be reduced (accountability), but it can not be eradicated exhausted.
Reduce corruption to zero level is clearly not possible, given the very high cost, both financial costs and non-financial. To achieve zero level of corruption, perhaps each room should be equipped with a camera, any talk on the phone and internet to be tapped, and every home should be supervised by a secret agent. This, in addition to expensive also can eliminate individual freedom, something that is priceless.
Corruption Analysis
1. Willingness and opportunity (the desire and opportunity)
Corruption will only happen if two things occur simultaneously, namely the desire to corrupt (willingness to corrupt) factors that are internal but can be influenced by external things and opportunities for corruption (opportunity to corrupt) factors that are external.
Human beings are always trying to maximize the economic benefits of any activity at minimum cost.
In the hands of the police pistol can reduce the level of crime, but in the hands of criminals gun will cause disastrous.
The bottom line is:
Corruption is a major problem in the world. Corruption does not only lead to poverty due to development targets are not successful and in turning development goals for the benefit of specific groups. Corruption is one of the main answers to why countries in Africa and other parts of the world suffered a setback when other nations dibelahan boomed.
In Indonesia, corruption is taking place since the days of empire. Even VOC went cave in the early 20th century due to rampant corruption in his body. After the proclamation of independence, many Dutch officials who returned to his homeland, their vacant position is then filled by natives of the Dutch East Indies government employees (Ambtenaar) that grow and thrive in a corrupt environment. The culture of corruption continues until the time of the Old Order government. At the beginning of the New Order government, President Soeharto made various efforts to eradicate corruption. Regardless of these efforts, President Soeharto fell because of corruption issues. The long journey of corruption have led many people are pessimistic about the prospects of eradicating corruption, both in Indonesia and in various parts of the world.
In the last two decades the world began to see corruption as an important issue. Various initiatives to combat corruption carried out from the national, regional to international level. The view that corruption drive economic growth becoming obsolete many circles. Corruption is seen not only as a moral issue , but as a problem of multidimensional (political, economic, social and cultural).
What is Corruption?
corruption is the abuse of public power for personal or private interests that harm the public in a manner contrary to applicable law.
Some of the definitions of these weaknesses usual that tends to alienate the public sector, as well as the definition does not cover acts of corruption by private though equally detrimental to the public.
3 things of corruption, namely:
1. A person has the power to determine public policy and administration policies The existence of economic rents, ie that there are economic benefits as a result of public policy
2. The system is open the possibility of violations by public officials concerned.
In general, illegal actions such as tax evasion and smuggling as long as it does not involve public officials can not be categorized as an act of corruption, but these actions are not directly harm the public because it reduces tax revenues from the sector.
3. Also generalize the definition of corruption in a country that adheres monarchy and democracy. In the kingdom, the king has the authority to regulate the distribution of the country's wealth to the people, because in principle there is no separation between state assets and the personal wealth of the king.
example, a king could have used the money for personal business empire and is not considered as an act of corruption. The same action will be the big corruption case in democratic countries. The question is, if a democratic country with a high level of corruption is transforming itself into the kingdom, the corruption cases will be resolved or deemed to be completed.
Transparency International has a definition that is more flexible about corruption, which "abuse the trust of others, for personal gain". Indonesia also has taken a step forward in defining corruption, which types of actions that are included in the category of corruption expanded, with the Act No. 31 of 1999 as amended by Law No. 20 Year 2001 on Eradication include a list of 29 actions can be categorized as corruption, either involving or not involving public officials.
The view changes About Corruption
Widespread perception of corruption has shifted from time to time. corruption can improve economic efficiency dominate enough about the corruption in the period of the 1970s and early 1980s.
One of the principles adopted by some people as it is a "grease-the-wheel". Corruption is seen by the "corruption apologist" as the lubricant of economic system does not work efficiently due to non-functioning of bureaucracy combined with government regulations overlap. In this condition, a bribe is seen as an incentive for public employees to serve clients with the best.
Corruption seen as a problem, and the handling of corruption began to become the world's attention. Various factors are driving this paradigm change is:
First, the end of the cold war. During the cold war, foreign aid is more ideological than economic and intended to bind developing countries that do not switch to block the opponent. In other words, foreign donors tend not to put the quality of the program, the allocation of funds and good governance during implementation as a major factor of consideration given the funds, so that the effect of leakage is inevitable. Collapse of the Soviet Union that ended the Cold War changed the practice. More pragmatic foreign donors and demanded that the funds be used in an efficient and accountable. The issue of corruption began to surface among foreign donors.
all of the Philippines president, Ferdinand Marcos, by people power in recent years his rule, in 1986. The world never suspected that Marcos downfall would happen so quickly. Very chronic corruption makes the Filipino people began to encourage the emergence of stifling protests. Originally a small protest, but a massive thanks to the role of the churches as a node mobilization period (when it SMS, e-mail and Facebook yet popular). When Cardinal Sin blessed the demo, protests became more massive and nationwide. Preaching by various media, such as BBC and CNN, to make the world helped put pressure on Marcos to resign. This incident is an important momentum for efforts to combat corruption in the world because it is considered as a pure movement by and for people in many cases people are often used as a "vehicle" of certain political actors. This incident also sends a strong message to the corrupt rulers around the world about the risks of their actions. Indirectly, the event also inspired the world society to be more courageous act. Incidence in the Philippines, unconsciously, followed by efforts to combat corruption in various parts of the world, including Spain, Italy, France, Japan, Mexico and several other Latin American countries.
failure of the concept of development in many developing countries, especially in Africa. Regardless of the concept of development in a comprehensive structured program worth billions of dollars, the result of development is far from expectation. In fact, macroeconomic indicators, and quality of life of African people actually getting worse over time. Paul Collier on "The Bottom One Billion" mentions that 80 percent of the world's one billion poorest people in 50 failing states are mostly in Africa.
The fundamental nature of poverty
1. abundant natural wealth - managed to corrupt and interests of the people, and
2. government did not implement good governance. Corruption is closely related to two factors causing poverty latter, his conclusion is in line with research suggesting that corruption leads to poverty and social inequality.
3. the emergence of various anti-corruption nego in the world, especially in the 1990s.
4. economic collapse of the Asian countries on the economic crisis of 1997.
typology of Corruption
Involve the people and state leaders chosen through the democratic process. Political money to win the election is likely to occur.
1. The interaction between the leaders bureaucrats with people's choice
2. Interaction between legislators and bureaucrats with
3. The interaction between the bureaucrats and the people. This interaction opens opportunities for bureaucratic corruption or corrupt bureaucrats.
public officials and the people a little door for corruption, corrupt public officials from different levels of people's money quote., given the public service office (office service ID card, permit, driver's license, business license, etc.) generally monopolize public services, even though the monopoly is the main door corruption.
involving elected leaders and legislators. where the financing of political campaigns have not been regulated and supervised. Closed voting system in the legislature, as is the case in Indonesia, also aggravate the condition because constituents can not monitor whether they choose representatives who truly represent their interests. This is the beginning of the emergence of another problem akut.Faktor accountability that contribute to the phenomenon of corruption is the absence of legislative opposition is strong.
involve the people and legislators are elected through general elections. Procedural democracy is relatively easy to be realized, but realizing substantive democracy is not easy.
example, India has had a relentless democracy since 1950 (three years after independence from Britain in 1947), but until now still do not realize the promise of democracy is fair prosperity for all people. One of the preconditions for the realization of substantive democracy is the political arrangement of money and a good campaign funding.
Politics of money in any country is a common phenomenon, often politicians bribe the people that they elected in the elections, so that they are not determined by the election of the performance but by their financial capabilities. the "political investors", from where the money comes, expect a "return on investment" in the form of policies that benefit them.
Grand Corruption & Petty Corruption
There are hundreds, if not thousands of types of actions that we can categorize as corruption. two broad categories, namely:
1. Grand Corruption
Grand corruption or grand corruption is corruption committed by high-level public officials regarding public policy and major decisions in a variety of fields, including economics. Corruption is also called corruption by greed or corruption due to greed, because the perpetrators are already well off materially
Corruption causing huge losses to the state financially and non-financially. A common modus operandi is collusion between economic power, political power and public policy makers can take many forms, the World Bank - in his book Anti-Corruption in Transition 2, lays out some form of state capture are:
1. bribes to legislators to influence legislation,
2. bribes to public officials to influence public policy,
3. bribes to the judiciary to influence the decisions related to major cases,
4. bribes to officials of the central bank to influence monetary policy,
5. illegal campaign donations to political parties
example, Indonesian economic crisis requires political and social shocks devastating in 1998, in order to shift the economic and political structures in the right direction.
Is a classic example of the corruption in the privatization of state assets is not transparent and fair, mining exploitation concessions and other natural resources to specific groups, large scale bidding process is not transparent, tax relief and the entry fee for certain sectors and groups, and the bailout select Thanks to certain companies in order to escape from the trap of the economic crisis.
Raise the salaries of civil servants will not be able to eliminate corruption but there should be an effort to suppress petty corruption should be done through a thorough reform of the bureaucracy.
why is difficult to eradicate corruption?
Despite vigorous efforts to combat corruption carried out, but the condition does not get better. Corruption is a multidimensional issue that has a political component, economic, social and cultural rights, which often involve the authorities, so it is not easy to eradicate corruption. If the criminals are known and its action in usut then it is not possible retaliation eradication of corruption, aka kill character.
Examples Nuhu Ribadu is one example of anti-corruption fighter and former chairman of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission of Nigeria (Nigeria its KPK), is one of them "victims" corruption fight back. Nuhu told the author that in 2007 his post due to his revoked uncover corruption one of the governors in Nigeria and he also began to reveal serious corruption cases involving figures around the president of Nigeria. Until now Nuhu living in exile abroad.
A Corruption Free State of Utopia?
Creating a nation free of corruption is the slogan that is often carried by the various anti-corruption agencies. Even most of the institutions include the "corruption-free State" or a similar phrase as part of the vision, mission or goals of their organizations. Is it possible to achieve a corruption free country? In Denmark and Finland, countries that never get a perfect score or 10 on the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) in 1998, 1999 and 2000, corruption still occurs even though invisible. These facts indicate.
that corruption can be reduced (accountability), but it can not be eradicated exhausted.
Reduce corruption to zero level is clearly not possible, given the very high cost, both financial costs and non-financial. To achieve zero level of corruption, perhaps each room should be equipped with a camera, any talk on the phone and internet to be tapped, and every home should be supervised by a secret agent. This, in addition to expensive also can eliminate individual freedom, something that is priceless.
Corruption Analysis
1. Willingness and opportunity (the desire and opportunity)
Corruption will only happen if two things occur simultaneously, namely the desire to corrupt (willingness to corrupt) factors that are internal but can be influenced by external things and opportunities for corruption (opportunity to corrupt) factors that are external.
Human beings are always trying to maximize the economic benefits of any activity at minimum cost.
In the hands of the police pistol can reduce the level of crime, but in the hands of criminals gun will cause disastrous.
The bottom line is:
Corruption is a major problem in the world. Corruption does not only lead to poverty due to development targets are not successful and in turning development goals for the benefit of specific groups. Corruption is one of the main answers to why countries in Africa and other parts of the world suffered a setback when other nations dibelahan boomed.
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